Who needs all these modes?
You might ask yourself this question when you pick up a digital camera loaded with custom exposure settings.
Program, Aperture priority and Shutter priority modes have been around
for a long time on film cameras, but many new modes have been added on
the latest digital models, each finely tuned for specific shooting
situations. Some cameras have more than a dozen of these specialized
scene modes.
The point of these automated modes is not to dumb down the camera. Like
Aperture and Shutter priority settings, the goal is to create quick
shortcuts to correct exposures.
These modes help make photography more enjoyable and successful,
bypassing the guesswork, particularly when you need to act quickly in
order to catch the shot. They also make your camera more
family-friendly so that anyone in the clan can get better results.
One important thing to note about these modes is that while they
practically guarantee a good exposure, youre usually restricted in
your ability to override certain aspects of exposure, such as white
balance, flash, ISO and the like. Manual and semi-manual modes, like
Aperture priority and Shutter priority, will allow these sorts of
changes, but the modes dedicated to specific conditions generally will
not. If youre wondering why you cant change your white-balance
setting, check your mode.
We wont cover every special mode you may have on your camera, as they
vary from model to model. Here are several of the most common modes and
what they do for your photography.
Manual. The shooting mode that started it
all. You set the shutter speed and aperture, with options to change
white balance, ISO, flash and even focus on some cameras. Choose this
mode if youre sure of your exposure or want maximum latitude for
experimentation.
Aperture Priority. In this mode, you
select the aperture, thereby determining your depth of field, and the
camera automatically sets the best shutter speed to match the
conditions. This is a terrific mode to use with a stationary subject
when you want to control your depth of field and arent concerned about
shutter speed. Its also a good choice when you want the camera to
automatically select the fastest possible shutter speed (just set the
camera to its widest aperture).
Many professionals choose Aperture priority as their default setting.
With the traditional SLR, this allowed them to quickly change the
exposure without taking their eye off the subject or their finger off
the shutter, by spinning the aperture ring with their left
(lens-holding) hand.
Shutter Priority. This mode helps you
control motion, both as it relates to the subject and the camera. You
select the shutter speed and the camera chooses the best aperture. The
obvious example for stopping action is sports photography, where youll
need a high shutter speed.
Photographing a walking person might require a shutter speed of 1/125
sec., and a golf swing might take 1/500 sec. Conversely, there will be
times when you want a slow shutter speed, such as for blurring moving
water in a streamtry a speed between 1/15 and 1/60 sec.
For controlling camera movement and to improve your handheld exposures,
use a shutter speed thats the reciprocal of your lens focal length
(i.e., 1/300 sec. for a 300mm telephoto lens).
Program. This all-purpose, mostly
automatic exposure mode can be used for general photography. In this
mode, the camera selects a median shutter speed and aperture based on
the meter reading. Usually some fine-tuning of features like flash and
white balance is possible. You can manually shift your aperture or
shutter-speed setting in this mode after locking exposure (or while
holding down the shutter release halfway on some models).
Most Program modes try to give some blend of shutter speed and aperture
setting that will allow for handholding and be fast enough to freeze
action, and still provide satisfactory depth of field. However, not all
manufacturers design their Program modes in the same way. Learn how you
cameras Program mode responds. As you become more experienced, youll
be better at guessing the combination of shutter speed and aperture
that will produce the results you want. You then can set the Program
mode more accurately using the program shift feature to favor a faster
shutter speed or slower aperture as you may prefer.
Auto. Of all the modes on your digital
camera, this one probably requires no introduction. If you just want to
point and shoot, or hand the camera off to someone else and need a
foolproof setting, this is it. When set to Auto, the camera does
everything and locks out any adjustments to the exposure. Features like
exposure compensation, white balance selection and ISO usually will be
disabled. Note that if you find youre unable to make these adjustments
when photographing, make sure your camera is not set to Auto.
Landscape. In Landscape mode, your camera
will select the smallest aperture possible under the conditions to
maximize depth of field in the image. Some cameras also will apply
effects such as sharpening and color saturation when set to this mode.
While Landscape mode will attempt to deliver sharpness from the
foreground to the background, this isnt always possible, and depends
on the light and the capabilities of your lens and camera. For this
reason, its best to set focus on the most important areas that need to
be sharp.
Portrait. Flattering portraits emphasize
the subject by de-emphasizing the background. When you choose Portrait
mode, the camera will select a wide aperture setting, minimizing your
depth of field for a soft background effect, and also may adjust your
zoom. The flash will usually switch to red-eye reduction when shooting
in Portrait mode. More advanced cameras might even alter the in-camera
processing of the image to accentuate skin tones.
Here, accurate focus is important because with less depth of field,
your margin for error is reduced. Make sure that the eyes of your
subject are in sharp focus. Also, if youre shooting a group of people,
Portrait mode may not be the best choice if the subjects are standing
at varying distances from the camera. In this situation, youll need
more depth of field to ensure that everyone is sharp. Choose Aperture
priority mode instead to select the smallest aperture possible for the
exposure conditions.
Sports. Sports and action photography
demand a fast shutter speed to freeze the motion of your subject.
Switch to Sports mode, and your camera will automatically choose the
fastest shutter speed possible so you can concentrate on the action.
Depending on the capabilities of your camera, this mode also will
activate continuous shooting (as opposed to single frame) to help you
capture the decisive moment in a series of shots. If your camera has an
advanced evaluative metering mode, this likely will be employed rather
than center-weighted or spot metering. Flash is usually disabled.
Macro. Close-ups usually make for
interesting images, provided that theyre sharp. The Macro or Close-Up
mode in digital cameras allows you to focus on objects at amazingly
small distancessometimes just a few centimeters from the lens. Use the
Macro mode when the little details really count. Depending on your
camera, your zoom range may be restricted, and you also may be required
to manually set your focus. The flash will likely be disabled as well.
To get the best results, a tripod is recommended. Macro photography
also is one of those applications where a flip-out, swiveling LCD is a
huge benefit, as you can adjust the angle of the LCD to give you a
clear view of the image even in tight quarters.
Night. Night scene photography turns out
best when you make the most of your ambient or existing light, which
requires a slow shutter speed for a long exposure without flash. A
tripod is absolutely necessary for best results.
A long exposure of several seconds or more is often required for night
shots. This raises quality issues of which you should be aware. Digital
camera sensors are particularly susceptible to noise problems during
long exposures. The sensor must remain active for the duration of the
exposure, which generates heat. This heat, in turn, can cause pixel
errors that show up as grain-like irregularities in the image. Some of
the more advanced cameras have technologies that help reduce noise in
long exposures, but no camera is yet immune to this problem. So, if
possible, try to include a lot of ambient light in your night
photography, or choose to compose your shot with objects in the
foreground that can be illuminated by flash to add light to the
exposure.
Night Portrait. Some cameras offer a Night
Portrait mode in addition to the standard Night mode. Night Portrait
uses a long exposure to capture the ambient background light and a
reduced-intensity, slow-sync flash with red-eye reduction to softly
illuminate the subject in the foreground. This gives a pleasing balance
between the flash and existing light. A tripod is important in this
mode, as you want the ambient light to be as sharp as the subject
illuminated by your flash.
Beach & Snow. The often bright,
reflective and contrasty environment at the beach or in snowy
landscapes provides an exposure challenge for even the most
sophisticated metering system. Its easy for the meter to be fooled
into thinking that the scene is much brighter than it really is,
which in turn causes the camera to underexpose the image. This mode
will compensate for the abundant ambient and reflected light by
slightly overexposing based on the meter reading.
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Aperture Priority. This
is a terrific mode to use with a stationary subject when you want to
control your depth of field and arent concerned about shutter speed.
In this mode, you choose the aperture setting and the camera
automatically sets the best shutter speed to match the conditions. | | Shutter Priority. Youll usually want to choose
shutter priority when you need to capture a moving subject. In this
mode, you select the shutter speed and the camera chooses the best
aperture for a proper exposure.
| | Program. This all-purpose automatic exposure
mode can be used for general photography. In this mode, the camera
selects a median shutter speed and aperture based on the meter reading.
| | Landscape. In Landscape mode, your camera will
select the smallest aperture to maximize depth of field in the image.
Your image will be as sharp as possible under the conditions in both
the foreground and background. Some cameras also will apply enhanced
color saturation to the image.
| | Portrait. This mode emphasizes the subject by
de-emphasizing the background. The camera selects the widest possible
aperture setting to minimize depth of field for a softened background.
The flash usually will switch to its red-eye reduction setting when
shooting in this mode. Remember to focus on your subjects eyes.
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| Sports. Speed is the name of the game in Sports
mode. Your camera will automatically choose the fastest shutter speed
possible, and also will enable continuous high-speed shooting if
available. Evaluative metering is usually the default for this mode,
helping to ensure a decent exposure even in contrasty light.
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| Macro. Macro shots can be an interesting window
into a smaller world that we dont usually notice. One of our favorite
features of compact digital cameras is the ability to shoot close-ups
without a special lens. Macro mode allows you to focus on objects
extremely close up, though your zoom range may be restricted.
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| Night. Successful night photography requires a
slow shutter speed for a long exposure without flash. The exposure may
last several seconds, so use a tripod when shooting in this mode or
place your camera on a solid platform. Also, be aware that most digital
sensors generate image noise during exposures of more than a few
seconds.
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| Night Portrait. For flattering portraits in dark
conditions, you want a combination of flash with a long exposure to
pick up ambient background lights. In this mode, the flash fires to
freeze the action of your subject amid the lengthened exposure.
Whenever possible, use a tripod with this mode for best results.
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| Beach & Snow. The bright reflections and
high contrast of sand and snow often will trick your cameras meter
into underexposing the scene. This mode will ensure a proper exposure
by slightly overexposing based on the meter reading.
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